CNC Machining ndi njira yopangira momwe mapulogalamu apakompyuta okonzedweratu amawongolera kayendedwe ka zida zamafakitale ndi makina. Njirayi ingagwiritsidwe ntchito kuwongolera makina osiyanasiyana ovuta, kuchokera ku grinders ndi lathes kupita ku mphero ndi ma routers. Ndi CNC Machining, atatu azithunzi-dimensional kudula ntchito akhoza kukwaniritsidwa mu seti imodzi ya Kulimbikitsa.
Mwachidule pa "kuwongolera manambala apakompyuta," njira ya CNC imayenda mosiyana ndi - ndipo potero imaposa - malire a kuwongolera pamanja, komwe oyendetsa amoyo amafunikira kuti athandizire ndikuwongolera malamulo a zida zamakina kudzera pazitsulo, mabatani ndi mawilo. Kwa owonerera, makina a CNC angafanane ndi zida zapakompyuta, koma mapulogalamu ndi zotonthoza zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu makina a CNC zimasiyanitsa ndi mitundu ina yonse ya kuwerengera.
Kodi CNC Machining Imagwira Ntchito Motani?
Dongosolo la CNC likatsegulidwa, mabala omwe amafunidwa amasinthidwa kukhala pulogalamuyo ndikuwunikidwa ku zida ndi makina ofananira, omwe amagwira ntchito zazikuluzikulu monga zafotokozedwera, monga loboti.
Mu CNC mapulogalamu, ndi code jenereta mkati manambala dongosolo nthawi zambiri kuganiza kuti njira ndi opanda cholakwa, ngakhale n'zotheka zolakwika, amene ali wamkulu nthawi iliyonse makina CNC kulamulidwa kudula mu mbali imodzi imodzi. Kuyika kwa chida mu dongosolo lowongolera manambala kumafotokozedwa ndi mndandanda wazinthu zomwe zimadziwika kuti gawo la pulogalamu.
Ndi makina owongolera manambala, mapulogalamu amalowetsedwa kudzera pamakhadi a punch. Mosiyana ndi izi, mapulogalamu a CNC makina amadyetsedwa kwa makompyuta ngakhale ang'onoang'ono kiyibodi. Mapulogalamu a CNC amasungidwa mu kukumbukira kwa kompyuta. Khodiyo yokha imalembedwa ndikusinthidwa ndi opanga mapulogalamu. Chifukwa chake, makina a CNC amapereka mphamvu zochulukirapo zowerengera. Koposa zonse, makina a CNC sali okhazikika, chifukwa mauthenga atsopano akhoza kuwonjezeredwa ku mapulogalamu omwe analipo kale kupyolera mu code yosinthidwa.
CNC MACHINE PROGRAMMING
Mu CNC, makina amayendetsedwa kudzera pakuwongolera manambala, momwe pulogalamu yamapulogalamu imapangidwira kuwongolera chinthu. Chilankhulo chakumbuyo kwa makina a CNC chimatchedwa G-code, ndipo chalembedwa kuti chiwongolere machitidwe osiyanasiyana a makina ofananira, monga kuthamanga, kuchuluka kwa chakudya ndi kulumikizana.
Kwenikweni, kukonza makina a CNC kumapangitsa kuti zitheke kukonzekereratu liwiro ndi malo a zida zamakina ndikuziyendetsa kudzera pamapulogalamu mobwerezabwereza, zodziwikiratu, zonse popanda kukhudzidwa pang'ono ndi ogwiritsa ntchito. Chifukwa cha luso limeneli, ndondomekoyi yavomerezedwa m'madera onse opanga zinthu ndipo ndi yofunika kwambiri pakupanga zitsulo ndi pulasitiki.
Poyamba, chojambula cha 2D kapena 3D CAD chimapangidwa, chomwe chimamasuliridwa ku code yamakompyuta kuti dongosolo la CNC lichite. Pulogalamuyo ikalowetsedwa, wogwiritsa ntchitoyo amayesa kuyesa kuwonetsetsa kuti palibe zolakwika zomwe zilipo polemba.
Open/Closed-Loop Machining Systems
Kuwongolera malo kumatsimikiziridwa kudzera mu njira yotseguka kapena yotsekedwa. Ndi choyambirira, chizindikirocho chimayenda munjira imodzi pakati pa chowongolera ndi mota. Ndi dongosolo lotsekedwa lotsekedwa, wolamulira amatha kulandira ndemanga, zomwe zimapangitsa kukonza zolakwika kukhala kotheka. Chifukwa chake, dongosolo lotsekeka lotsekeka limatha kukonza zolakwika pa liwiro ndi malo.
Pamakina a CNC, kusuntha nthawi zambiri kumawongoleredwa kudutsa X ndi Y nkhwangwa. Chidacho, chimayikidwa ndikuwongoleredwa kudzera pama stepper kapena ma servo motors, omwe amatengera kusuntha komwe kumatsimikiziridwa ndi G-code. Ngati mphamvu ndi liwiro ndizochepa, ndondomekoyi ikhoza kuyendetsedwa kudzera muulamuliro wotseguka. Pazinthu zina zonse, kuwongolera kotsekeka ndikofunikira kuti zitsimikizire kuthamanga, kusasinthika komanso kulondola kofunikira pakugwiritsa ntchito mafakitale, monga zitsulo.
CNC Machining ndi Fully Automated
M'maprotocol amasiku ano a CNC, kupanga magawo kudzera pa pulogalamu yokonzedweratu nthawi zambiri kumakhala makina. Miyeso ya gawo loperekedwa imayikidwa m'malo mwake ndi pulogalamu yothandizidwa ndi makompyuta (CAD) ndiyeno imasinthidwa kukhala chinthu chomalizidwa chenicheni chokhala ndi pulogalamu yopangira makompyuta (CAM).
Chida chilichonse choperekedwa chingafunike zida zosiyanasiyana zamakina, monga zobowolera ndi zodulira. Pofuna kukwaniritsa zofunika zimenezi, makina ambiri amakono amaphatikiza ntchito zosiyanasiyana kukhala selo limodzi. Mwinanso, kukhazikitsa kumatha kukhala ndi makina angapo ndi manja a robotic omwe amasamutsa magawo kuchokera ku pulogalamu ina kupita ku ina, koma ndi chilichonse choyendetsedwa ndi pulogalamu yomweyo. Mosasamala kanthu za kukhazikitsidwa, njira ya CNC imalola kusasinthika m'magawo opanga zomwe zingakhale zovuta, kapena zosatheka, kubwereza pamanja.
MITUNDU YOSIYANA YA MACHINE A CNC
Makina akale kwambiri owongolera manambala azaka za m'ma 1940 pomwe ma motors adagwiritsidwa ntchito koyamba kuwongolera kayendedwe ka zida zomwe zidalipo kale. Pamene matekinoloje akupita patsogolo, makinawo adalimbikitsidwa ndi makompyuta a analogi, ndipo pamapeto pake makompyuta a digito, zomwe zinapangitsa kuti makina a CNC achuluke.
Zida zambiri zamasiku ano za CNC ndi zamagetsi kwathunthu. Zina mwazinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi CNC ndi monga kuwotcherera akupanga, kubowola-khomerera ndi kudula laser. Makina omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pamakina a CNC ndi awa:
CNC Mills
Makina a CNC amatha kugwiritsa ntchito mapulogalamu okhala ndi manambala ndi zilembo zozikidwa pamakalata, zomwe zimawongolera magawo osiyanasiyana. Mapulogalamu omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pamakina amphero amatha kukhala otengera G-code kapena chilankhulo china chapadera chopangidwa ndi gulu lopanga. Zigayo zoyambira zimakhala ndi ma axis atatu (X, Y ndi Z), ngakhale mphero zambiri zatsopano zimatha kukhala ndi nkhwangwa zitatu zowonjezera.
Lathes
M'makina a lathe, zidutswa zimadulidwa mozungulira ndi zida zowonetsera. Ndi ukadaulo wa CNC, kudula komwe kumagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi lathes kumachitika molondola komanso kuthamanga kwambiri. CNC lathes amagwiritsidwa ntchito kupanga mapangidwe ovuta omwe sakanatheka pamakina oyendetsa pamanja. Ponseponse, ntchito zowongolera za CNC-run mphero ndi lathes ndizofanana. Monga momwe zinalili kale, ma lathe amatha kuwongoleredwa ndi G-code kapena nambala yapadera ya eni ake. Komabe, ma lathes ambiri a CNC amakhala ndi nkhwangwa ziwiri - X ndi Z.
Odula Plasma
Mu chodula cha plasma, zinthu zimadulidwa ndi tochi ya plasma. Njirayi imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pazinthu zachitsulo koma ingagwiritsidwenso ntchito pazinthu zina. Kuti apange liwiro ndi kutentha koyenera kudula zitsulo, plasma imapangidwa kudzera mu kuphatikiza kwa mpweya woponderezedwa ndi ma arcs amagetsi.
Makina Otulutsa Magetsi
Electric-discharge Machining (EDM) - njira yomwe imatchedwa kufa siking ndi spark Machining - ndi njira yomwe imaumba zidutswa zogwirira ntchito kuti zikhale zowoneka bwino ndi zowala zamagetsi. Ndi EDM, kutuluka kwaposachedwa kumachitika pakati pa ma electrode awiri, ndipo izi zimachotsa magawo a ntchito yopatsidwa.
Pamene danga pakati pa maelekitirodi limakhala laling'ono, gawo lamagetsi limakhala lamphamvu kwambiri ndipo motero lamphamvu kuposa dielectric. Izi zimapangitsa kuti magetsi azitha kudutsa pakati pa ma electrode awiri. Chifukwa chake, magawo a chidutswa cha ntchito amachotsedwa ndi electrode iliyonse. Ma subtypes a EDM akuphatikizapo:
● Waya EDM, momwe kukokoloka kwa spark kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kuchotsa mbali zina kuchokera pamagetsi oyendetsa magetsi.
● Sinker EDM, kumene electrode ndi ntchito yogwirira ntchito imalowetsedwa mu dielectric fluid kuti apange chidutswa.
Munjira yomwe imadziwika kuti kuwotcha, zinyalala kuchokera pachinthu chilichonse chomalizidwa zimatengedwa ndi dielectric yamadzimadzi, yomwe imawoneka ngati mphamvu yapakati pa maelekitirodi awiriwo yayima ndipo ikuyenera kuchotseratu ndalama zina zamagetsi.
Odula Jet Madzi
Mu makina a CNC, ma jets amadzi ndi zida zomwe zimadula zinthu zolimba, monga granite ndi zitsulo, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi madzi. Nthawi zina, madziwo amawasakaniza ndi mchenga kapena zinthu zina zamphamvu. Zigawo zamakina a fakitale nthawi zambiri zimawumbidwa kudzera munjira iyi.
Majeti amadzi amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati njira yozizirirapo pazida zomwe sizitha kupirira kutentha kwambiri kwa makina ena a CNC. Momwemonso, majeti amadzi amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'magulu osiyanasiyana, monga mafakitale oyendetsa ndege ndi migodi, kumene ndondomekoyi imakhala yamphamvu pazifukwa zosema ndi kudula, pakati pa ntchito zina. Odula ma jeti amadzi amagwiritsidwanso ntchito popanga zinthu zomwe zimafuna kudula movutikira kwambiri, chifukwa kusowa kwa kutentha kumalepheretsa kusintha kulikonse kwazinthu zomwe zingachitike chifukwa cha chitsulo chodula zitsulo.
MITUNDU YOSIYANA YA MACHINE A CNC
Monga zambiri CNC makina mavidiyo ziwonetsero zasonyeza, dongosolo ntchito kwambiri mabala mwatsatanetsatane zidutswa zitsulo kwa mafakitale hardware mankhwala. Kuphatikiza pa makina omwe tawatchulawa, zida zina ndi zida zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mkati mwa CNC zikuphatikizapo:
● Makina ovala nsalu
● Ma routers a matabwa
● Oponya nkhonya
● Makina opindika mawaya
● Odula thovu
● Odula laser
● Ma grinders ozungulira
● Osindikiza a 3D
● Odula magalasi
Pamene mabala ovuta ayenera kupangidwa pa milingo yosiyanasiyana ndi ngodya pa chidutswa ntchito, izo zikhoza kuchitidwa mkati mphindi pa makina CNC. Malingana ngati makinawo adapangidwa ndi code yoyenera, ntchito zamakina zimachita zomwe zanenedwa ndi pulogalamuyo. Kupereka chilichonse cholembedwa molingana ndi kapangidwe kake, chinthu chatsatanetsatane komanso ukadaulo waukadaulo uyenera kuwonekera ndondomekoyo ikatha.
Nthawi yotumiza: Jan-01-2022
