Kukula kwa mipeni kuli ndi udindo wofunikira m'mbiri ya kupita patsogolo kwa anthu. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 2800 mpaka 20 BC, ma cones amkuwa ndi ma cones amkuwa, zobowolera, mipeni ndi mipeni ina yamkuwa zidawonekera ku China. Chakumapeto kwa nthawi ya Warring States (zaka za zana lachitatu BC), mipeni yamkuwa idapangidwa chifukwa cha luso laukadaulo wa carburizing. Zobowola ndi macheka panthawiyo zinali ndi zofanana ndi zoboola ndi macheka zamakono.
Kukula mwachangu kwa mipeni kudabwera ndikukula kwa makina monga injini za nthunzi kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 18.
Mu 1783, René waku France adayamba kupanga odula mphero. Mu 1923, Schrotter wa ku Germany anapanga carbide yopangidwa ndi simenti. Carbide yopangidwa ndi simenti ikagwiritsidwa ntchito, mphamvuyo imakhala yoposa kawiri kuposa chitsulo chothamanga kwambiri, ndipo mawonekedwe apamwamba komanso kulondola kwapang'onopang'ono kwa workpiece yopangidwa ndi kudula kumakhalanso bwino kwambiri.
Chifukwa cha mtengo wokwera wazitsulo zothamanga kwambiri komanso carbide yomangidwa ndi simenti, mu 1938, German Degusa Company inapeza chilolezo cha mipeni ya ceramic. Mu 1972, General Electric Company ya ku United States inapanga polycrystalline kupanga diamondi ndi polycrystalline kiyubiki boron nitride masamba. Zida zopanda zitsulo izi zimalola kuti chidacho chidulire mofulumira kwambiri.
Mu 1969, Swedish Sandvik Steel Works inapeza chilolezo chopanga titanium carbide-coated carbide ndi kuika mpweya wa mankhwala. Mu 1972, Bangsha ndi Lagolan ku United States adapanga njira yoyika nthunzi kuti aphike cholimba cha titaniyamu carbide kapena titaniyamu nitride pamwamba pa simenti ya carbide kapena zida zachitsulo zothamanga kwambiri. Njira yokutira pamwamba imaphatikiza mphamvu yayikulu ndi kulimba kwa zinthu zoyambira ndi kuuma kwapamwamba komanso kuvala kukana kwa gawo lapansi, kotero kuti zinthu zophatikizika zimakhala ndi ntchito yabwino yodula.
Chifukwa cha kutentha kwambiri, kuthamanga kwambiri, kuthamanga kwambiri, ndi zina zomwe zimagwira ntchito muzofalitsa zowononga zamadzimadzi, zida zogwiritsidwa ntchito movutikira kwambiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, komanso kuchuluka kwa makina odulira komanso zofunikira pakuwongolera bwino zikukwera. . Posankha mbali ya chidacho, ndikofunikira kuganizira momwe zinthu zimakhudzira zinthu zosiyanasiyana, monga zida zogwirira ntchito, zida, zida zopangira (zoyipa, zomaliza), ndi zina zambiri, ndipo ziyenera kusankhidwa molingana ndi momwe zilili.
Zida wamba chida: mkulu-liwiro zitsulo, simenti carbide (kuphatikiza cermet), zoumba, CBN (kiyubiki boron nitride), PCD (polycrystalline diamondi), chifukwa kuuma kwawo n'kovuta kuposa mmodzi, choncho nthawi zambiri, kudula liwiro ndi Mmodzi. wamtali kuposa winayo.
Kusanthula magwiridwe antchito a zida
Chitsulo chothamanga kwambiri:
Zitha kugawidwa muzitsulo wamba mkulu-liwiro ndi mkulu-ntchito mkulu-liwiro zitsulo.
Chitsulo chodziwika bwino chothamanga kwambiri, monga W18Cr4V, chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga mipeni yosiyanasiyana yovuta. Liwiro lake lodula silikhala lalitali kwambiri, ndipo ndi 40-60m / min podula zida zachitsulo wamba.
Chitsulo chothamanga kwambiri, monga W12Cr4V4Mo, chimasungunuka powonjezera zinthu zina za carbon, vanadium, cobalt, aluminiyamu ndi zinthu zina kuchitsulo chothamanga kwambiri. Kukhalitsa kwake ndi 1.5-3 nthawi yachitsulo wamba mkulu-liwiro.
Carbide:
Malinga ndi GB2075-87 (potengera muyezo wa 190), imatha kugawidwa m'magulu atatu: P, M, ndi K. P-mtundu wa simenti wa carbide umagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka pokonza zitsulo zachitsulo ndi tchipisi zazitali, ndipo buluu amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chizindikiro; Mtundu wa M umagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka pokonza zitsulo zachitsulo. Ndipo zitsulo zosakhala ndi chitsulo, zolembedwa ndi chikasu, zomwe zimadziwikanso kuti ma alloys olimba, mtundu wa K umagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka pokonza zitsulo zachitsulo, zitsulo zopanda chitsulo ndi zinthu zopanda zitsulo zokhala ndi tchipisi tating'ono, zolembedwa zofiira.
Manambala achiarabu omwe ali kumbuyo kwa P, M, ndi K amawonetsa momwe amagwirira ntchito komanso momwe amagwirira ntchito kapena momwe amagwirira ntchito. Nambala yaying'ono, imakhala yolimba kwambiri komanso imakhala yolimba kwambiri.
zoumba:
Zida za Ceramic zimakhala ndi kukana kovala bwino ndipo zimatha kukonza zinthu zolimba kwambiri zomwe zimakhala zovuta kapena zosatheka kuzikonza ndi zida zachikhalidwe. Kuphatikiza apo, zida zodulira za ceramic zimatha kuthetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zopangira annealing, motero zimatha kuwonjezera kuuma kwa chogwirira ntchito ndikutalikitsa moyo wautumiki wa zida zamakina.
Kukangana pakati pa tsamba la ceramic ndi chitsulo ndi kakang'ono podula, kudula sikophweka kumamatira kutsamba, ndipo sikophweka kutulutsa m'mphepete mwake, ndipo imatha kuchita mofulumira kwambiri. Choncho, pansi pazimenezi, kuuma kwapamwamba kwa workpiece kumakhala kochepa. Kukhazikika kwa chida ndi kangapo kapena kambirimbiri kuposa zida zachikhalidwe, zomwe zimachepetsa kuchuluka kwa zida zosinthira pakukonza; kukana kutentha kwakukulu, kuuma bwino kofiira. Imatha kudula mosalekeza pa 1200°C. Chifukwa chake, liwiro lodulira la zoyika za ceramic limatha kukhala lalitali kwambiri kuposa la carbide ya simenti. Imatha kudula mwachangu kwambiri kapena kuzindikira "kusintha kugaya ndikutembenuza ndi mphero". Kudula bwino ndi nthawi 3-10 kuposa zida zachikhalidwe zodulira, kukwaniritsa zotsatira za kupulumutsa maola amunthu, magetsi, ndi kuchuluka kwa zida zamakina ndi 30-70% kapena kupitilira apo.
CBN:
Ichi ndi chinthu chachiwiri cholimba kwambiri chomwe chimadziwika pano. Kuuma kwa pepala gulu CBN zambiri HV3000 ~ 5000, amene ali mkulu matenthedwe bata ndi mkulu kutentha kuuma, ndipo ali mkulu makutidwe ndi okosijeni kukana. Oxidation imapezeka, ndipo palibe mankhwala omwe amapezeka ndi zitsulo zopangidwa ndi chitsulo pa 1200-1300 ° C. Zili ndi matenthedwe abwino a matenthedwe komanso kutsika kwapakati.
Polycrystalline diamondi PCD:
Mipeni ya diamondi imakhala ndi kuuma kwakukulu, kulimba kwamphamvu kwambiri, kukhathamiritsa kwamafuta abwino komanso kukana kuvala, ndipo imatha kupeza kulondola kwapamwamba komanso kukonza bwino pakudula kwambiri. Popeza mapangidwe a PCD ndi thupi lopangidwa ndi diamondi lopangidwa bwino lomwe lili ndi mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana, kuuma kwake ndi kukana kuvala kumakhalabe kotsika kusiyana ndi diamondi imodzi ya crystal ngakhale kuwonjezeredwa kwa binder. Kugwirizana pakati pa zitsulo zopanda chitsulo ndi zinthu zopanda zitsulo ndizochepa kwambiri, ndipo tchipisi sizovuta kumamatira kunsonga ya chida kuti apange m'mphepete mwachitsulo pokonza.
Minda yotsatiridwa ndi zida:
Chitsulo chothamanga kwambiri: chimagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka pazochitika zomwe zimafuna kulimba kwambiri monga zida zopangira ndi mawonekedwe ovuta;
Carbide yopangidwa ndi simenti: mitundu yayikulu kwambiri yamapulogalamu, omwe amatha;
Zitsulo: Zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka popanga makina ovuta komanso othamanga kwambiri a ziwalo zolimba zokhotakhota ndi zida zachitsulo;
CBN: Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'magawo olimba otembenuza ndi makina othamanga kwambiri azitsulo zotayidwa (nthawi zambiri, zimakhala zogwira mtima kwambiri kuposa zoumba ngati kukana kuvala, kulimba kwamphamvu ndi kukana fracture);
PCD: Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri podula zitsulo zopanda chitsulo komanso zinthu zopanda chitsulo.
Zida za Xinfa CNC zili ndi zabwino kwambiri komanso zolimba, kuti mumve zambiri, chonde onani: https://www.xinfatools.com/cnc-tools/
Nthawi yotumiza: Jun-02-2023
