Kuphatikiza pa kugwedezeka kwamagetsi komweko, kuyaka, ndi moto monga kuwotcherera kwa arc, kuwotcherera kwa argon kumakhalanso ndi minda yamagetsi yamagetsi, ma radiation a electrode, kuwonongeka kwa kuwala kwa arc, utsi wowotcherera, ndi mpweya wapoizoni womwe ndi wamphamvu kwambiri kuposa kuwotcherera kwa arc. Zofunika kwambiri ndi magetsi othamanga kwambiri ndi ozone.
1. Kupewa kuwonongeka kwa minda yamagetsi yamagetsi yamagetsi
1. Kubadwa ndi kuvulaza kwa minda yamagetsi yamagetsi yamagetsi
Mu kuwotcherera kwa tungsten arc ndi kuwotcherera kwa plasma arc, ma oscillator apamwamba kwambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito kulimbikitsa arc. Makina ena owotcherera a AC argon arc amagwiritsanso ntchito ma oscillator othamanga kwambiri kuti akhazikitse arc. Mafupipafupi a oscillator apamwamba kwambiri omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito powotcherera ndi ma 200-500 zikwi zikwi, voteji ndi 2500-3500 volts, mphamvu zamakono ndi 3-7 mA, ndipo mphamvu yamagetsi ndi pafupifupi 140-190 volts. /mita. Kuwonetsedwa kwa nthawi yayitali kwa ma welder kumalo okwera kwambiri a electromagnetic kungayambitse kusokonezeka kwa mitsempha ya autonomic ndi neurasthenia. Zizindikiro zake ndi monga kukomoka, chizungulire, kulota, mutu, kukumbukira, kutopa, kusowa chilakolako cha chakudya, kusowa tulo ndi kuthamanga kwa magazi.
Miyezo yazaumoyo yamagawo amagetsi othamanga kwambiri imanena kuti mphamvu ya radiation yovomerezeka ya maola 8 ndi 20 V/m. Kutengera muyeso, kulimba kwa gawo lamagetsi lamagetsi lapamwamba kwambiri lomwe amalandila mbali zonse za chowotcherera pamanja pamanja amawotcherera a tungsten amaposa muyezo. Pakati pawo, mphamvu ya dzanja ndipamwamba kwambiri, kupitirira muyeso wathanzi ndi nthawi zoposa 5. Ngati oscillator otsika kwambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito pokhapokha poyatsira arc, zotsatira zake zimakhala zochepa chifukwa cha nthawi yochepa, koma kuwonetseredwa kwa nthawi yaitali kumakhala kovulaza, ndipo njira zotetezera ziyenera kuchitidwa.
2. Njira zodzitetezera ku minda yamagetsi yamagetsi yamagetsi yamagetsi
⑴ Pamiyezo yoyatsira arc ndi kukhazikika kwa arc mu welding ya argon, yesani kugwiritsa ntchito zida za transistor pulse m'malo mwa zida zama frequency oscillation, kapena poyatsira arc. Pambuyo poyatsa arc, nthawi yomweyo mudule magetsi othamanga kwambiri.
⑵ Chepetsani ma oscillation pafupipafupi, sinthani magawo a capacitor ndi inductor, ndikuchepetsa ma oscillation pafupipafupi mpaka 30,000 kuti muchepetse kukhudza thupi la munthu. ku
⑶ Pazingwe zotchinga ndi mawaya, gwiritsani ntchito zingwe zofewa zolukidwa ndi mkuwa, kuziyika kuzungulira kunja kwa payipi ya chingwe (kuphatikiza mawaya a muuni wowotcherera ndi makina owotchera), ndikuzipukuta. ku
⑷ Chifukwa voteji ya oscillation oscillation yamagetsi apamwamba kwambiri, iyenera kukhala ndi kutchinjiriza kwabwino komanso kodalirika.
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2. Kupewa Kuvulala kwa Ma radiation
1. Magwero ndi zoopsa za radiation
The thoriated tungsten electrode yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito powotcherera argon arc ndi kuwotcherera kwa plasma arc ili ndi 1-1.2% thorium oxide. Thorium ndi chinthu cha radioactive chomwe chimakhudzidwa ndi ma radiation panthawi yowotcherera komanso pokhudzana ndi ndodo ya thoriated tungsten.
Ma radiation amagwira ntchito m'thupi la munthu m'njira ziwiri: imodzi ndi kuwala kwakunja, ndipo ina ndi kuwala kwamkati ikalowa m'thupi kudzera m'njira zopumira komanso kugaya chakudya. Kafukufuku wambiri ndi miyeso pa kuwotcherera kwa argon arc ndi kuwotcherera kwa plasma arc zatsimikizira kuti zoopsa zawo zama radio ndi zazing'ono, chifukwa 100-200 mg yokha ya ndodo za thoriated tungsten zimadyedwa tsiku lililonse, ndipo mlingo wa radiation ndi wochepa kwambiri ndipo uli ndi zochepa. zimakhudza thupi la munthu. . Komabe, pali zinthu ziwiri zomwe ziyenera kutsatiridwa: choyamba, pamene kuwotcherera mu chidebecho, mpweya wabwino siwosalala, ndipo ma radioactive particles mu utsi amatha kupitirira miyezo ya thanzi; chachiwiri, pogaya ndodo za thorium tungsten komanso komwe kuli ndodo za thorium tungsten, ma aerosol a radioactive Ndipo kuchuluka kwa fumbi la radioactive kumatha kufikira kapena kupitilira miyezo yaumoyo. Kulowerera kwa radioactive zipangizo mu thupi kungayambitse aakulu poizoniyu matenda, amene makamaka akuwonetseredwa mu kufooka kwa ambiri zinchito udindo, zoonekeratu kufooka ndi kufooka, kwambiri kuchepetsa kukana matenda opatsirana, kuwonda ndi zizindikiro zina. ku
2. Njira zopewera kuwonongeka kwa ma radiation
⑴Ndodo za tungsten zomangika ziyenera kukhala ndi zida zapadera zosungira. Akasungidwa mochuluka, ayenera kubisika m'mabokosi achitsulo ndi okonzeka ndi mapaipi otulutsa mpweya.
⑵ Mukamagwiritsa ntchito chivundikiro chotsekedwa chowotcherera, chivundikirocho sichiyenera kutsegulidwa panthawi yogwira ntchito. Pogwira ntchito pamanja, chipewa choteteza mpweya chiyenera kuvalidwa kapena njira zina zogwirira ntchito ziyenera kuchitidwa. ku
⑶ Gudumu lapadera lopera liyenera kukonzedwa popera ndodo za thoriated tungsten. Chopukusira chiyenera kukhala ndi zida zochotsera fumbi. Zinyalala zogaya pansi pa chopukusira ziyenera kutsukidwa pafupipafupi ndi kuyeretsa konyowa ndikuyika ndikukwiriridwa mozama. ku
⑷ Valani chigoba cha fumbi popera ndodo za tungsten. Mukakumana ndi ndodo za thoriated tungsten, muyenera kusamba m'manja ndi madzi oyenda ndi sopo, ndikuchapa zovala zanu zantchito ndi magolovesi pafupipafupi. ku
⑸Sankhani zomveka powotcherera ndi kudula kuti musawotche kwambiri ndodo ya tungsten. ku
⑹ Yesetsani kuti musagwiritse ntchito ndodo za tungsten koma gwiritsani ntchito ndodo za cerium tungsten kapena ndodo za yttrium tungsten, chifukwa ziwiri zotsirizirazi ndizopanda ma radio.
3. Pewani kuwonongeka kwa kuwala kwa arc
1. Zowopsa za radiation ya arc
Kuwotcherera arc radiation makamaka kumaphatikizapo kuwala kowoneka, kuwala kwa infrared ndi ultraviolet ray. Amagwira ntchito pa thupi la munthu ndipo amatengeka ndi minofu ya munthu, zomwe zimayambitsa kutentha, photochemical kapena ionization pamagulu, zomwe zimayambitsa kuwonongeka kwa minofu yaumunthu.
⑴ Kuwala kwa Ultraviolet Kutalika kwa kuwala kwa ultraviolet kumakhala pakati pa 0.4-0.0076 microns. Kufupikitsa kwa kutalika kwa mafunde, kumapangitsanso kuwonongeka kwachilengedwe. Khungu la munthu ndi maso amakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi cheza cha ultraviolet. Pansi pa cheza champhamvu cha ultraviolet, khungu lingayambitse dermatitis, ndi erythema yomwe imawoneka pakhungu, ngati kuti yakhala ikuyang'aniridwa ndi dzuwa, ngakhale matuza ang'onoang'ono, exudate ndi edema, ndi kuyaka, kuyabwa, kukoma mtima, ndipo kenako mdima. . Peeling. Maso amakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi kuwala kwa ultraviolet. Kuwonekera kwakanthawi kochepa kungayambitse keratoconjunctivitis, yomwe imatchedwa electrophoto ophthalmia. Zizindikiro zake ndi ululu, nseru, misozi yambiri, photophobia, kuopa mphepo, ndi kusawona bwino. Kawirikawiri, sipadzakhala zotsatila. ku
Ma ultraviolet arc arc amatha kuwononga ulusi, ndipo nsalu za thonje ndizowonongeka kwambiri. Nsalu yoyera imakhala ndi mphamvu yolimbana ndi ma radiation a UV chifukwa champhamvu zake zowunikira. Kuwotcherera kwa argon arc ndi 5-10 kuwirikiza kawiri kuposa kuwotcherera kwa arc pamanja, ndipo kuwonongeka kwake ndi kwakukulu. Zovala zogwirira ntchito zowotcherera argon arc ziyenera kupangidwa ndi nsalu zosagwira asidi monga tweed ndi silika wa oak.
⑵Rare ya infrared Kutalika kwa cheza kwa infrared kuli pakati pa 343-0.76 microns. Kuvulaza kwake kwakukulu kwa thupi la munthu ndi kutentha kwa minofu. Kuwala kwa infuraredi yayitali kumatha kuyamwa ndi thupi la munthu, kupangitsa anthu kumva kutentha; Mafunde afupiafupi a infrared amatha kuyamwa ndi minofu, kuwapangitsa kumva kutentha.
Kutenthetsa magazi ndi minofu yakuya, kumayambitsa zilonda. Pa kuwotcherera ndondomeko, maso anu adzakhala poyera amphamvu infuraredi cheza, ndipo inu nthawi yomweyo kumva amayaka amphamvu ndi moto ululu, ndi kuyerekezera zinthu m'maganizo kung'anima zidzachitika. Kuwonekera kwa nthawi yayitali kungayambitsenso ng'ala ya infrared, kutayika kwa masomphenya, ndipo nthawi zambiri, khungu. Zingayambitsenso kuyaka kwa retina.
⑶Kuwala kowoneka Kuwala kwa kuwala kowoneka kwa arc yowotcherera ndikokulirapo kuwirikiza ka 10,000 kuposa kusintha kwa kuwala komwe diso lamaliseche limatha kupirira. Maso akakumana ndi ma radiation amatha kumva kuwawa ndipo satha kuwona bwino kwakanthawi. Arc nthawi zambiri imatchedwa "zowoneka bwino", ndipo kuthekera kogwira ntchito kumatayika pakanthawi kochepa, koma kumatha kubwezeretsedwa posachedwa. ku
2. Chitetezo ku kuwotcherera arc kuwala
Pofuna kuteteza maso ku kuwonongeka kwa kuwala kwa arc, ma welder ayenera kuvala chigoba chokhala ndi fyuluta yapadera powotchera. Chigobacho chimapangidwa ndi makatoni achitsulo chakuda, chomwe chimakhala chowoneka bwino, chopepuka, chosatentha, chosasunthika, ndipo sichimatulutsa kuwala. Lens ya fyuluta yoyikidwa pachigoba, yomwe imadziwika kuti galasi lakuda, imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati lens loyamwitsa. Kusankhidwa kwake kwakuda kuyenera kutsimikiziridwa molingana ndi mphamvu ya kuwotcherera panopa. Masomphenya a wowotcherera ndi kuwala kwa malo owotcherera ayeneranso kuganiziridwa. Owotcherera achichepere ali ndi maso abwino ndipo ayenera kugwiritsa ntchito magalasi osefera okhala ndi mitundu yayikulu ndi yakuda. Powotchera usiku kapena pamalo amdima, magalasi akuda ayeneranso kusankhidwa.
Pali mtundu wina wa lens wodzitchinjiriza womwe ungawonetse kuwala kwamphamvu kwa arc, kufooketsa mphamvu ya kuwala kwa arc komwe kumawononga maso, ndikuteteza maso bwino. Palinso mandala a photoelectric omwe amatha kusintha kuwala. Zimakhala zowonekera bwino pamene arc siinawotchedwe ndipo imatha kuona bwino kunja kwa galasi. Pamene arc imayatsidwa, mdima wa magalasi udzakula nthawi yomweyo ndipo ukhoza kulepheretsa kuwala bwino. Izi zimathetsa kufunika kokweza chigoba kapena kutembenuza magalasi oteteza posintha ndodo zowotcherera.
Pofuna kuteteza khungu la wowotcherera kuti lisawonongeke ndi arc, zovala zotetezera zowotcherera ziyenera kupangidwa ndi nsalu zowala kapena zoyera kuti ziwonjezere mphamvu yowunikira kuwala kwa arc. Matumba a zovala zantchito ayenera kukhala akuda. Pogwira ntchito, ma cuffs ayenera kumangidwa mwamphamvu, magolovesi ayenera kuikidwa kunja kwa makofi, kolala iyenera kumangidwa, miyendo ya thalauza sayenera kuchepetsedwa, ndipo khungu lisamawonekere.
Pofuna kupewa kuti ogwira nawo ntchito ndi antchito ena omwe ali pafupi ndi malo owotcherera asavulazidwe ndi kuwala kwa arc, ayenera kugwirizana, kunena moni asanayambe kuyatsa moto, ndipo antchito othandizira ayenera kuvala magalasi achikuda. Mukawotchera pamalo okhazikika, chotchinga chotchinga chowunikira chiyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito.
Zowopsa za Mpweya Woopsa
Pansi pa kutentha kwakukulu ndi kuwala kwamphamvu kwa ultraviolet arc yowotcherera, mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mipweya yoyipa imapangidwa mozungulira dera la arc, pomwe ma ozone, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide ndi hydrogen fluoride ndizomwe zimakhala zazikulu.
1. Ozoni Oxygen mu mlengalenga amakumana ndi zochitika za photochemical pansi pa kuwala kwa dzuwa kwafupipafupi kuti apange ozoni (O3). Ozone ndi mpweya wopepuka wabuluu wokhala ndi fungo loyipa. Pamene ndende ili pamwamba, imakhala ndi fungo la nsomba; pamene ndende ndi apamwamba, ali ndi kukoma pang'ono wowawasa mu fishy fungo. Kuvulaza kwake kwakukulu kwa thupi la munthu ndikuti kumakhala ndi mphamvu yolimbikitsa kwambiri pamapapo ndi m'mapapo. Pamene ozoni ndende kuposa malire ena, nthawi zambiri zimayambitsa chifuwa, youma pakhosi, lilime youma, chifuwa chothina, kusowa kwa njala, kutopa, chizungulire, nseru, ululu ambiri, etc. Mu milandu kwambiri, makamaka pamene kuwotcherera mu chotsekedwa chidebe ndi mpweya wabwino, ungayambitsenso bronchitis.
Malinga ndi miyeso, kuchuluka kwa ozoni m'malo owotcherera kumakhudzana ndi zinthu monga njira zowotcherera, zida zowotcherera, mpweya woteteza, komanso zowotcherera.
Malinga ndi zotsatira za kafukufuku ndi kafukufuku pa malo opanga m'dziko langa, muyezo waukhondo wa ozoni ndende ndi 0.3 mg/m3.
2. Nitrogen oxides Nitrogen oxides panthawi yowotcherera amapangidwa chifukwa cha kutentha kwa arc, komwe kumayambitsa kusokonezeka ndi kuyanjananso kwa ma molekyulu a nayitrogeni ndi okosijeni mumlengalenga. Ma nitrogen oxides nawonso ndi mpweya wapoizoni wokwiyitsa, koma alibe poizoni wocheperapo ngati ozoni. Nitrogen oxides makamaka amakhala ndi mphamvu yolimbikitsa m'mapapo.
Zinthu zomwe zimakhudza kuchuluka kwa nitrogen oxides ndizofanana ndi ozone. Pa kuwotcherera argon arc ndi plasma arc kuwotcherera, ngati njira zolowera mpweya sizitengedwa, kuchuluka kwa nitrogen oxides nthawi zambiri kumaposa miyezo yaumoyo kuposa kakhumi kapena kangapo. Dziko lathu likunena kuti muyezo waumoyo wa ma nitrogen oxide (osinthidwa kukhala = nitrogen oxide) ndi 5 mg/m3.
Pa kuwotcherera ndondomeko, kuthekera kwa nitrogen oxides alipo yekha ndi ochepa. Kawirikawiri ozoni ndi nitrogen oxides amakhalapo nthawi imodzi, choncho amakhala oopsa kwambiri. Nthawi zambiri, kukhalapo kwa mpweya wapoizoni iwiri nthawi imodzi kumakhala kovulaza nthawi 15-20 kuposa mpweya wapoizoni umodzi.
3. Mpweya wa monoxide Carbon monoxide umapangidwa ndi kuwonongeka kwa mpweya woipa wa carbon dioxide pansi pa kutentha kwakukulu kwa arc. Mitundu yonse ya kuwotcherera kwa arc imatulutsa mpweya wa carbon monoxide, womwe mpweya wotsekemera wa carbon dioxide umatulutsa mpweya wochuluka kwambiri. Malinga ndi miyeso, ndende ya carbon monoxide pafupi ndi chigoba cha welder imatha kufika 300 mg/m3, yomwe ndi yoposa kakhumi kuposa muyezo waumoyo. Mpweya wa carbon monoxide womwe umapangidwa panthawi ya kuwotcherera kwa plasma arc nawonso ndiwokwera kwambiri, choncho chidwi chapadera chiyenera kuperekedwa pogwira ntchito pamalo opanda mpweya wabwino.
Pali pafupifupi 1% mpweya monoxide mu utsi wa kuwotcherera arc Buku, ndi ndende mu chatsekedwa chidebe ndi mpweya wabwino akhoza kufika 15 mg/m3. Miyezo yaumoyo ya dziko langa imati mpweya wa carbon monoxide ndi 30 mg/m3.
Mpweya wa carbon monoxide ndi mpweya wopuma. Mphamvu yake yapoizoni pathupi la munthu ndikulepheretsa kuyenda kwa okosijeni m'thupi kapena kugwira ntchito kwa mayamwidwe a okosijeni, zomwe zimayambitsa hypoxia ya minofu ndi zizindikiro zingapo za hypoxia. Zizindikiro za poizoni wa carbon monoxide ndi: mutu, chizungulire, nseru, kusanza, kufooka kwathunthu, kufooka kwa miyendo, ngakhale kukomoka. Ngati mutachoka pamalopo nthawi yomweyo ndikupuma mpweya wabwino, zizindikirozo zidzatha mwamsanga. Pazovuta kwambiri, kuwonjezera pa kuwonjezereka kwa zizindikiro zomwe tatchulazi, kugunda kwa mtima kumawonjezeka, munthuyo sangathe kusuntha, amalowa chikomokere, ndipo akhoza kukhala ovuta kwambiri ndi zizindikiro monga edema ya ubongo, pulmonary edema, kuwonongeka kwa myocardial, ndi rhythm ya mtima. zovuta. Mpweya wa monoxide pansi pa kuwotcherera makamaka umakhala ndi zotsatira zosatha pathupi la munthu. Kukoka mpweya kwa nthawi yayitali kungayambitse neurasthenia monga mutu, chizungulire, khungu lotumbululuka, kufooka kwa miyendo, kuchepa thupi, komanso kusapeza bwino.
Nthawi yotumiza: Feb-22-2024
