Kwa waya wowotcherera wokhala ndi Si, Mn, S, P, Cr, Al, Ti, Mo, V ndi zinthu zina zowonjezera. Mphamvu ya zinthu izi alloying pa ntchito kuwotcherera zafotokozedwa pansipa:
Silicon (Si)
Silikoni ndi chinthu chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pakuwotcherera waya, chingalepheretse chitsulo kuphatikiza ndi okosijeni, ndipo chingachepetse FeO mu dziwe losungunuka. Komabe, ngati silicon deoxidation ikugwiritsidwa ntchito yokha, zotsatira zake za SiO2 zimakhala ndi malo osungunuka kwambiri (pafupifupi 1710 ° C), ndipo tinthu tating'onoting'ono timakhala tating'ono, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kuyandama kunja kwa dziwe losungunuka, lomwe lingayambitse mosavuta slag inclusions. weld zitsulo.
Manganese (Mn)
Zotsatira za manganese ndizofanana ndi za silicon, koma mphamvu yake yotulutsa mpweya ndiyoipa pang'ono kuposa ya silicon. Pogwiritsa ntchito manganese deoxidation yokha, MnO yopangidwa imakhala ndi kachulukidwe kakang'ono (15.11g/cm3), ndipo sikophweka kuyandama kuchoka mu dziwe losungunuka. Manganese omwe ali mu waya wowotcherera, kuwonjezera pa deoxidation, amathanso kuphatikiza ndi sulfure kupanga manganese sulfide (MnS), ndikuchotsedwa (desulfurization), kotero amatha kuchepetsa chizolowezi cha ming'alu yotentha yoyambitsidwa ndi sulfure. Popeza silicon ndi manganese amagwiritsidwa ntchito pawokha pochotsa mpweya, zimakhala zovuta kuchotsa zinthu zomwe zimachotsedwa. Choncho, silicon-manganese joint deoxidation imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pakalipano, kotero kuti SiO2 yopangidwa ndi MnO ikhoza kupangidwa kukhala silicate (MnO · SiO2). MnO · SiO2 ili ndi malo osungunuka otsika (pafupifupi 1270 ° C) ndi kachulukidwe kakang'ono (pafupifupi 3.6g / cm3), ndipo amatha kusungunuka mu zidutswa zazikulu za slag ndikuyandama mu dziwe losungunuka kuti akwaniritse zotsatira zabwino za deoxidation. Manganese ndi gawo lofunikira kwambiri lazitsulo muzitsulo komanso chinthu chofunikira kwambiri cholimba, chomwe chimakhudza kwambiri kulimba kwa chitsulo chowotcherera. Pamene Mn zili zochepa kuposa 0.05%, kulimba kwa chitsulo chowotcherera kumakhala kwakukulu; pamene Mn zili ndi zoposa 3%, ndizowonongeka kwambiri; pamene Mn zili ndi 0.6-1.8%, chitsulo chowotcherera chimakhala ndi mphamvu zapamwamba komanso zolimba.
Sulfure (S)
Sulfure nthawi zambiri imakhala ngati chitsulo sulfide muzitsulo, ndipo imagawidwa mu malire a tirigu mu mawonekedwe a maukonde, motero kuchepetsa kwambiri kulimba kwachitsulo. Kutentha kwa eutectic kwa iron kuphatikiza iron sulfide ndikotsika (985°C). Choncho, pa ntchito yotentha, popeza kutentha kumayambira nthawi zambiri kumakhala 1150-1200 ° C, ndipo eutectic ya iron ndi iron sulfide yasungunuka, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale kuphulika panthawi yokonza, chodabwitsa ichi ndi chomwe chimatchedwa "kutentha kwa sulfure" . Katundu wa sulfureyu amachititsa kuti chitsulocho chikhale ndi ming'alu yotentha panthawi yowotcherera. Choncho, zomwe zili sulfure muzitsulo nthawi zambiri zimayendetsedwa bwino. Kusiyanitsa kwakukulu pakati pa zitsulo za carbon zitsulo, zitsulo zamtengo wapatali za carbon ndi zitsulo zotsogola zapamwamba zimakhala mu kuchuluka kwa sulfure ndi phosphorous. Monga tanenera kale, manganese ali ndi desulfurization effect, chifukwa manganese amatha kupanga manganese sulfide (MnS) ndi malo osungunuka kwambiri (1600 ° C) ndi sulfure, omwe amagawidwa mumbewu mu mawonekedwe a granular. Panthawi yotentha, manganese sulfide amakhala ndi pulasitiki yokwanira, motero amachotsa zovulaza za sulfure. Choncho, ndizopindulitsa kukhalabe ndi manganese muzitsulo.
Phosphorous (P)
Phosphorus imatha kusungunuka kwathunthu mu ferrite muzitsulo. Mphamvu yake yolimbitsa pazitsulo ndi yachiwiri kwa carbon, yomwe imawonjezera mphamvu ndi kuuma kwachitsulo. Phosphorus imatha kusintha kukana kwa dzimbiri, pomwe pulasitiki ndi kulimba zimachepetsedwa kwambiri. Makamaka pa kutentha kochepa, zotsatira zake zimakhala zovuta kwambiri, zomwe zimatchedwa kuzizira kugwada chizolowezi cha phosphorous. Choncho, ndi zoipa kuwotcherera ndi kumawonjezera mng'alu tilinazo zitsulo. Monga chodetsa, zomwe zili ndi phosphorous muzitsulo ziyeneranso kukhala zochepa.
Chromium (Cr)
Chromium imatha kuwonjezera mphamvu ndi kuuma kwachitsulo popanda kuchepetsa pulasitiki ndi kulimba. Chromium imakhala ndi kukana kwa dzimbiri kolimba komanso kukana kwa asidi, motero chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri cha austenitic nthawi zambiri chimakhala ndi chromium yochulukirapo (yopitilira 13%). Chromium imakhalanso ndi kukana kwamphamvu kwa okosijeni komanso kukana kutentha. Choncho, chromium amagwiritsidwanso ntchito kwambiri mu zitsulo zosagwira kutentha, monga 12CrMo, 15CrMo 5CrMo ndi zina zotero. Chitsulo chimakhala ndi kuchuluka kwa chromium [7]. Chromium ndi gawo lofunikira la chitsulo cha austenitic komanso ferritizing element, yomwe imatha kupititsa patsogolo kukana kwa okosijeni ndi zida zamakina pa kutentha kwakukulu muzitsulo za alloy. Mu chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri cha austenitic, pamene kuchuluka kwa chromium ndi faifi tambala ndi 40%, pamene Cr / Ni = 1, pali chizolowezi chowombera kutentha; pamene Cr/Ni = 2.7, palibe chizolowezi kutentha akulimbana. Choncho, pamene Cr/Ni = 2.2 mpaka 2.3 ambiri 18-8 zitsulo, chromium n'zosavuta kupanga carbides mu aloyi zitsulo, zomwe zimapangitsa kutentha conduction wa aloyi zitsulo kuipa, ndi chromium okusayidi n'zosavuta kupanga, zomwe zimapangitsa kuwotcherera kukhala kovuta.
Aluminium (AI)
Aluminiyamu ndi imodzi mwa zinthu zamphamvu za deoxidizing, kotero kugwiritsa ntchito aluminiyumu monga deoxidizing wothandizira sikungangotulutsa FeO yochepa, komanso kuchepetsa FeO mosavuta, kulepheretsa bwino mankhwala a CO gasi opangidwa mu dziwe losungunuka, ndikuwongolera luso lokana CO. pores. Kuphatikiza apo, aluminiyamu imatha kuphatikizanso ndi nayitrogeni kukonza nayitrogeni, kotero imatha kuchepetsanso ma pores a nayitrogeni. Komabe, ndi aluminiyumu deoxidation, chifukwa Al2O3 ali mkulu kusungunuka mfundo (pafupifupi 2050 ° C), ndipo alipo mu dziwe losungunuka mu mkhalidwe olimba, amene mwina kuyambitsa slag kuphatikizidwa mu weld. Pa nthawi yomweyo, kuwotcherera waya munali zotayidwa n'zosavuta kuyambitsa spatter, ndi mkulu okhutira zotayidwa kuchepetsa matenthedwe akulimbana kukana wa kuwotcherera zitsulo, kotero zotayidwa zili mu kuwotcherera waya ayenera mosamalitsa kulamulidwa ndipo sayenera kukhala kwambiri. zambiri. Ngati zomwe aluminiyumu zili mu waya wowotcherera zimayang'aniridwa bwino, kuuma, zokolola komanso kulimba kwa chitsulo chowotcherera zidzasinthidwa pang'ono.
Titaniyamu (Ti)
Titaniyamu ndi chinthu champhamvu cha deoxidizing, ndipo imathanso kupanga TiN ndi nayitrogeni kuti ikonze nayitrogeni ndikuwongolera kuthekera kwa chitsulo chowotcherera kuti chitha kukana ma pores a nayitrogeni. Ngati zomwe zili mu Ti ndi B (boron) muzowotcherera zili zoyenera, kapangidwe ka weld kakhoza kukonzedwanso.
Molybdenum (Mo)
Molybdenum mu aloyi zitsulo akhoza kusintha mphamvu ndi kuuma chitsulo, yeretsani njere, kupewa mkwiyo brittleness ndi chizolowezi kutenthedwa, kusintha kutentha mphamvu, zokwawa mphamvu ndi mphamvu cholimba, ndipo pamene molybdenum zili zosakwana 0,6%, akhoza kusintha plasticity, Amachepetsa chizolowezi chong'amba ndikuwonjezera mphamvu yamphamvu. Molybdenum amakonda kulimbikitsa graphitization. Choncho, molybdenum munali zitsulo zosagwira kutentha monga 16Mo, 12CrMo, 15CrMo, etc. lili molybdenum pafupifupi 0.5%. Pamene zili molybdenum mu aloyi zitsulo ndi 0.6-1.0%, molybdenum kuchepetsa plasticity ndi kulimba kwa aloyi zitsulo ndi kuonjezera quenching chizolowezi zitsulo aloyi.
Vanadium (V)
Vanadium imatha kuwonjezera mphamvu yachitsulo, kuyeretsa njere, kuchepetsa chizolowezi chakukula kwambewu, ndikuwongolera kuuma. Vanadium ndi chinthu cholimba kwambiri chomwe chimapangidwa ndi carbide, ndipo ma carbide opangidwa ndi okhazikika pansi pa 650 ° C. Nthawi kuumitsa zotsatira. Vanadium carbides ali ndi kukhazikika kwa kutentha kwambiri, komwe kumatha kusintha kutentha kwachitsulo. Vanadium imatha kusintha kagawidwe ka carbides muzitsulo, koma vanadium ndiyosavuta kupanga ma oxides refractory, zomwe zimawonjezera zovuta zowotcherera mpweya ndi kudula gasi. Nthawi zambiri, zinthu za vanadium mumsoko wowotcherera zikafika pafupifupi 0.11%, zimatha kutenga nawo gawo pakukonza nayitrogeni, ndikupangitsa kuti zikhale zosayenera.
Nthawi yotumiza: Mar-22-2023
