Chitsulo chosagwira kutentha chimatanthawuza chitsulo chomwe chimakhala ndi kutentha kwapakati komanso mphamvu zotentha pansi pa kutentha kwakukulu. Kukhazikika kwamafuta kumatanthawuza kuthekera kwachitsulo kukhalabe kukhazikika kwamankhwala (kukana kwa dzimbiri, kusakhala ndi okosijeni) pansi pa kutentha kwambiri. Kutentha kwamphamvu kumatanthauza mphamvu zokwanira zachitsulo pansi pa kutentha kwakukulu. Kukana kutentha kumatsimikiziridwa makamaka ndi zinthu za alloy monga chromium, molybdenum, vanadium, titaniyamu, ndi niobium. Chifukwa chake, kusankha kwa zida zowotcherera kuyenera kutsimikiziridwa potengera zomwe zili muzitsulo zoyambira. Chitsulo chosagwira kutentha chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga zida zamafuta amafuta ndi petrochemical. Zambiri mwazitsulo zosagwira kutentha kwa pearlitic zomwe timakumana nazo nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi aloyi otsika, monga 15CrMo, 1Cr5Mo, etc.
1 Weldability wa chromium-molybdenum chitsulo chosagwira kutentha
Chromium ndi molybdenum ndi zinthu zazikuluzikulu za alloy za pearlitic zitsulo zosagwira kutentha, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti chitsulocho chikhale champhamvu kwambiri komanso kutentha kwambiri. Komabe, iwo amaipiraipira kuwotcherera kwa zitsulo ndipo amakhala ndi chizolowezi chozimitsa mu weld ndi zone yokhudzidwa ndi kutentha. Pambuyo pozizira mumlengalenga, zimakhala zosavuta kupanga zolimba komanso zowonongeka za martensite, zomwe sizimangokhudza mawotchi a olowa, komanso zimapanga kupsinjika kwakukulu kwamkati, zomwe zimabweretsa chizolowezi chozizira.
Choncho, vuto lalikulu pamene kuwotcherera zitsulo zosagwira kutentha ndi ming'alu, ndipo zinthu zitatu zomwe zimayambitsa ming'alu ndi: dongosolo, nkhawa ndi hydrogen zomwe zili mu weld. Chifukwa chake, ndikofunikira kwambiri kukhazikitsa njira yowotcherera yololera.
2 Pearlitic kutentha zosagwira zitsulo kuwotcherera ndondomeko
2.1 Mtundu
Bevel nthawi zambiri imakonzedwa ndi moto kapena kudula kwa plasma. Ngati ndi kotheka, kudula kuyenera kutenthedwa. Pambuyo pakupukuta, kuyang'ana kwa PT kuyenera kuchitidwa kuti muchotse ming'alu pa bevel. Nthawi zambiri poyambira woboola pakati pa V amagwiritsidwa ntchito, wokhala ndi ngodya ya 60 °. Popewa ming'alu, mbali yayikulu ya groove ndiyopindulitsa, koma imawonjezera kuchuluka kwa kuwotcherera. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, poyambira ndi mbali zonse ziwiri za mkati zimapukutidwa kuti achotse mafuta ndi dzimbiri. ndi chinyezi ndi zonyansa zina (kuchotsa haidrojeni ndi kuteteza pores).
2.2 Kulumikizana
Ndikofunikira kuti msonkhano sungakakamizidwe kuteteza kupsinjika kwamkati. Popeza chitsulo chosamva kutentha kwa chromium-molybdenum chimakhala ndi chizolowezi chong'ambika, chotchinga cha weld sichiyenera kukhala chachikulu kwambiri pakuwotcherera kuti chipewe kuuma kwambiri, makamaka powotcherera mbale zokhuthala. Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa tayi mipiringidzo, zomangira ndi zomangira zomwe zimalola weld kuchepa momasuka ziyenera kupewedwa momwe zingathere.
2.3 Kusankha njira zowotcherera
Pakadali pano, njira zowotcherera zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pakuwotcherera mapaipi mumafuta athu amafuta ndi petrochemical ndikuwotcherera kwa tungsten arc pagawo loyambira ndi kuwotcherera kwa ma electrode arc pachivundikiro chodzaza. Njira zina zowotcherera zimaphatikizira kuwotcherera kwa inert wotetezedwa ndi inert (MIG kuwotcherera), kuwotcherera mpweya wa CO2, kuwotcherera kwa Electroslag ndi kuwotcherera kwa arc automatic, etc.
2.4 Kusankhidwa kwa zida zowotcherera
Mfundo yosankha zida zowotcherera ndi yakuti mawonekedwe a aloyi ndi mphamvu zazitsulo zowotcherera ziyenera kukhala zogwirizana ndi zizindikiro zazitsulo zoyambira kapena ziyenera kukumana ndi zizindikiro zochepa zogwirira ntchito zomwe zimaperekedwa ndi zinthu zamakono. Kuti muchepetse kuchuluka kwa haidrojeni, ndodo yowotcherera yamchere ya haidrojeni iyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito poyamba. Ndodo yowotcherera kapena flux iyenera kuumitsidwa molingana ndi ndondomeko yomwe yaperekedwa ndikutengedwa ngati pakufunika. Iyenera kuyikidwa mu ndodo yowotcherera ndodo ndi kuchotsedwa ngati pakufunika. Mu chidebe chotchingira ndodo zisapitirire 4. maola, mwinamwake izo ziyenera zouma kachiwiri, ndipo chiwerengero cha nthawi kuyanika sayenera upambana katatu. Pali malamulo omveka bwino pamapangidwe enieni. Pamene kuwotcherera kwa chitsulo chosagwira kutentha kwa chromium-molybdenum, maelekitirodi osapanga dzimbiri a austenitic, monga maelekitirodi a A307, amathanso kugwiritsidwa ntchito, koma kutentha kumafunikabe musanawotchedwe. Njirayi ndi yoyenera pazochitika zomwe kuwotcherera sikungathe kutenthedwa pambuyo pa kuwotcherera.
2.5 Kutentha koyambirira
Preheating ndi njira yofunikira pakuwotcherera ming'alu yozizira komanso kuchepetsa kupsinjika kwa chitsulo chosamva kutentha kwa pearlitic. Pofuna kuonetsetsa kuti kuwotcherera kwabwino, kaya ndi kuwotcherera pamalo kapena panthawi yowotcherera, ziyenera kutenthedwa ndi kusungidwa mkati mwa kutentha kwina.
2.6 Kuzizira pang'onopang'ono pambuyo kuwotcherera
Kuzizira pang'onopang'ono pambuyo kuwotcherera ndi mfundo yomwe iyenera kutsatiridwa mosamalitsa powotcherera chitsulo chosagwira kutentha kwa chromium-molybdenum. Izi ziyenera kuchitika ngakhale m'chilimwe chotentha. Nthawi zambiri, nsalu ya asibesitosi imagwiritsidwa ntchito kuphimba chowotcherera komanso pafupi ndi msoko atangowotcherera. Zowotcherera zazing'ono zitha kuyikidwa Kuziziritsa pang'onopang'ono mu nsalu ya asibesitosi.
2.7 Post-weld kutentha mankhwala
Chithandizo cha kutentha chiyenera kuchitidwa mwamsanga mutatha kuwotcherera, cholinga chake ndikuletsa kuchitika kwa ming'alu yochedwa, kuthetsa nkhawa ndi kukonza dongosolo.
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3 Kusamala pakuwotcherera
(1) Powotcherera chitsulo chamtunduwu, miyeso monga kutenthetsa ndi kuzizira pang'onopang'ono pambuyo pakuwotcherera iyenera kutengedwa. Komabe, kutentha kwa preheating kumakwera, kumakhala bwinoko. Zofunikira pakuwotcherera ziyenera kutsatiridwa mosamalitsa.
(2) Mipikisano wosanjikiza kuwotcherera ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito mbale wandiweyani, ndi yapakati-wosanjikiza kutentha sayenera kutsika kuposa kutentha preheating. Kuwotcherera kuyenera kumalizidwa nthawi imodzi, ndipo ndibwino kuti musasokoneze. Ngati pakufunika kuyimitsa pakati pa zigawo, kutenthetsa kutentha ndi kuzizira pang'onopang'ono kuyenera kuchitidwa, ndipo njira zomwezo ziyenera kuchitidwa musanawotchere.
(3) Panthawi yowotcherera, chidwi chiyenera kuperekedwa kudzaza ma arc craters, kupukuta mafupa, ndi kuchotsa ming'alu ya crater (ming'alu yotentha). Komanso, mphamvu yamagetsi ikakulirakulira, m'pamenenso arc crater imazama kwambiri. Choncho, ndondomeko kuwotcherera malangizo ayenera mosamalitsa kusankha kuwotcherera magawo ndi oyenera kuwotcherera mzere mphamvu.
(4) Bungwe la zomangamanga ndilofunikanso kwambiri lomwe limakhudza ubwino wa kuwotcherera, ndipo mgwirizano wa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ntchito ndizofunikira kwambiri kuti tipewe kuwononga ubwino wa weld yonse chifukwa cholephera kugwirizanitsa ndi ndondomeko yotsatira.
(5) Chidwi chiyeneranso kuperekedwa ku mphamvu ya nyengo. Kutentha kozungulira kukakhala kochepa, kutentha kwa preheating kumatha kuonjezeredwa moyenera kuti kutentha kusagwere mwachangu, ndipo njira zadzidzidzi monga chitetezo cha mphepo ndi mvula zitha kuchitidwa.
4 Mwachidule
Kutenthetsa, kuteteza kutentha, chithandizo cha kutentha pambuyo pa weld ndi njira zina ndizofunikira pakuwotcherera chromium-molybdenum chitsulo chosagwira kutentha. Zitatuzi ndi zofunika mofanana ndipo sizinganyalanyazidwe. Ngati ulalo uliwonse wachotsedwa, zotsatira zake zimakhala zazikulu. Owotcherera ayenera kutsatira mosamalitsa njira zowotcherera ndikulimbitsa chitsogozo cha udindo wa owotcherera. Sitiyenera kutenga mwayi ndikuwongolera owotcherera kuti akwaniritse ntchitoyi mwachangu komanso mofunikira. Malingana ngati timagwiritsa ntchito ndondomeko yowotcherera panthawi yomanga, kugwirizana bwino ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ntchito, ndikukonzekera ndondomekoyi moyenera, tikhoza kuonetsetsa kuti khalidwe la kuwotcherera ndi zofunikira zamakono.
Nthawi yotumiza: Nov-01-2023
